Wiggidy Wednesday
12-19-2007, 02:38 PM
#63
VIP Member
Join Date: Dec 2005
Location: Fugitive
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Car Info: MOPAR Baby!! yeeaaaahhh
You aint leet son
Vmware server running on ubuntu 7.10 w/web management interface
oh and **** yo frames
Vmware server running on ubuntu 7.10 w/web management interface
oh and **** yo frames
12-19-2007, 04:42 PM
#68
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR, pronounced "cider") was introduced in 1993 and is the latest refinement to the way IP addresses are interpreted. It replaced the previous generation of IP address syntax, classful networks. Specifically, rather than allocating address blocks on eight-bit (i.e., octet) boundaries forcing 8, 16, or 24-bit prefixes, it used the technique of variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) to allow allocation on arbitrary-length prefixes. CIDR encompasses:
* The VLSM technique of specifying arbitrary length prefix boundaries. A CIDR-compliant address is written with a suffix indicating the number of bits in the prefix length, such as 192.168.0.0/16. This permits more efficient use of increasingly scarce IPv4 addresses.
* The aggregation of multiple contiguous prefixes into supernets, and, wherever possible in the Internet, advertising aggregates, thus reducing the number of entries in the global routing table. Aggregation hides multiple levels of subnetting from the Internet routing table, and reverses the process of "subnetting a subnet" with VLSM.
* The administrative process of allocating address blocks to organizations based on their actual and short-term projected need, rather than the very large or very small blocks required by classful addressing schemes.
IPv6 utilizes the CIDR convention of indicating prefix length with a suffix, but the longer address field of IPv6 made it unnecessary to practice great economy in allocating the minimum amount of address space an organization could justify. The concept of class was never used in IPv6.
CIDR is principally a bitwise, prefix-based standard for the interpretation of IP addresses. It facilitates routing by allowing blocks of addresses to be grouped together into single routing table entries. These groups, commonly called CIDR blocks, share an initial sequence of bits in the binary representation of their IP addresses. IPv4 CIDR blocks are identified using a syntax similar to that of IPv4 addresses: a four-part dotted-decimal address, followed by a slash, then a number from 0 to 32: A.B.C.D/N. The dotted decimal portion is interpreted, like an IPv4 address, as a 32-bit binary number that has been broken into four octets. The number following the slash is the prefix length, the number of shared initial bits, counting from the left-hand side of the address. When speaking in abstract terms, the dotted-decimal portion is sometimes omitted, thus a /20 is a CIDR block with an unspecified 20-bit prefix.
An IP address is part of a CIDR block, and is said to match the CIDR prefix if the initial N bits of the address and the CIDR prefix are the same. Thus, understanding CIDR requires that IP address be visualized in binary. Since the length of an IPv4 address is fixed at 32 bits, an N-bit CIDR prefix leaves 32 − N bits unmatched, and there are 2(32 − N) possible combinations of these bits, meaning that 2(32 − N) IPv4 addresses match a given N-bit CIDR prefix. Shorter CIDR prefixes match more addresses, while longer CIDR prefixes match fewer. An address can match multiple CIDR prefixes of different lengths.
CIDR is also used with IPv6 addresses, where the prefix length can range from 0 to 128, due to the larger number of bits in the address. A similar syntax is used: the prefix is written as an IPv6 address, followed by a slash and the number of significant bits.
A subnet mask is a bitmask that encodes the prefix length in a form similar to an IP address - 32 bits, starting with a number of 1 bits equal to the prefix length, ending with 0 bits, and encoded in four-part dotted-decimal format. A subnet mask encodes the same information as a prefix length, but predates the advent of CIDR.
CIDR uses variable length subnet masks (VLSM) to allocate IP addresses to subnets according to individual need, rather than some general network-wide rule. Thus the network/host division can occur at any bit boundary in the address. The process can be recursive, with a portion of the address space being further divided into even smaller portions, through the use of masks which cover more bits.
CIDR/VLSM network addresses are now used throughout the public Internet, although they are also used elsewhere, particularly in large private networks. An average desktop LAN user generally does not see them in practice, as their LAN is usually numbered using special private network addresses....
* The VLSM technique of specifying arbitrary length prefix boundaries. A CIDR-compliant address is written with a suffix indicating the number of bits in the prefix length, such as 192.168.0.0/16. This permits more efficient use of increasingly scarce IPv4 addresses.
* The aggregation of multiple contiguous prefixes into supernets, and, wherever possible in the Internet, advertising aggregates, thus reducing the number of entries in the global routing table. Aggregation hides multiple levels of subnetting from the Internet routing table, and reverses the process of "subnetting a subnet" with VLSM.
* The administrative process of allocating address blocks to organizations based on their actual and short-term projected need, rather than the very large or very small blocks required by classful addressing schemes.
IPv6 utilizes the CIDR convention of indicating prefix length with a suffix, but the longer address field of IPv6 made it unnecessary to practice great economy in allocating the minimum amount of address space an organization could justify. The concept of class was never used in IPv6.
CIDR is principally a bitwise, prefix-based standard for the interpretation of IP addresses. It facilitates routing by allowing blocks of addresses to be grouped together into single routing table entries. These groups, commonly called CIDR blocks, share an initial sequence of bits in the binary representation of their IP addresses. IPv4 CIDR blocks are identified using a syntax similar to that of IPv4 addresses: a four-part dotted-decimal address, followed by a slash, then a number from 0 to 32: A.B.C.D/N. The dotted decimal portion is interpreted, like an IPv4 address, as a 32-bit binary number that has been broken into four octets. The number following the slash is the prefix length, the number of shared initial bits, counting from the left-hand side of the address. When speaking in abstract terms, the dotted-decimal portion is sometimes omitted, thus a /20 is a CIDR block with an unspecified 20-bit prefix.
An IP address is part of a CIDR block, and is said to match the CIDR prefix if the initial N bits of the address and the CIDR prefix are the same. Thus, understanding CIDR requires that IP address be visualized in binary. Since the length of an IPv4 address is fixed at 32 bits, an N-bit CIDR prefix leaves 32 − N bits unmatched, and there are 2(32 − N) possible combinations of these bits, meaning that 2(32 − N) IPv4 addresses match a given N-bit CIDR prefix. Shorter CIDR prefixes match more addresses, while longer CIDR prefixes match fewer. An address can match multiple CIDR prefixes of different lengths.
CIDR is also used with IPv6 addresses, where the prefix length can range from 0 to 128, due to the larger number of bits in the address. A similar syntax is used: the prefix is written as an IPv6 address, followed by a slash and the number of significant bits.
A subnet mask is a bitmask that encodes the prefix length in a form similar to an IP address - 32 bits, starting with a number of 1 bits equal to the prefix length, ending with 0 bits, and encoded in four-part dotted-decimal format. A subnet mask encodes the same information as a prefix length, but predates the advent of CIDR.
CIDR uses variable length subnet masks (VLSM) to allocate IP addresses to subnets according to individual need, rather than some general network-wide rule. Thus the network/host division can occur at any bit boundary in the address. The process can be recursive, with a portion of the address space being further divided into even smaller portions, through the use of masks which cover more bits.
CIDR/VLSM network addresses are now used throughout the public Internet, although they are also used elsewhere, particularly in large private networks. An average desktop LAN user generally does not see them in practice, as their LAN is usually numbered using special private network addresses....
12-19-2007, 04:44 PM
#69
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Join Date: Apr 2003
Location: pompous douchebag
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Car Info: $200,000 sports car
i'll see your IT chat and raise you some cat chat...
Felidae is the biological family of the cats; a member of this family is called a felid. They are the most strictly carnivorous mammals of the nine families in the order Carnivora. The first felids emerged during the Oligocene, about 30 million years ago. The most familiar felid is the Domestic Cat or House Cat, which first became associated with humans about 10,000 years ago. Its wild relative, the Desert Wildcat, still lives in the Near East and Africa, although habitat destruction has restricted its range.
Other well-known members of the felid family include big cats such as the Lion, the Tiger, the Leopard, the Jaguar, the Cougar, and the Cheetah, and other wild cats such as the lynxes and the Caracal. The extinct subfamily Machairodontinae, including the "saber-toothed cats" such as the well known Smilodon, were also true felids, in contrast to similar animals such as Thylacosmilus or Nimravidae.
There are 41 known species of felids in the world today which have all descended from a common ancestor about 10.8 million years ago. This taxon originated in Asia and spread across continents by crossing land bridges. As reported in the journal Science, testing of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA by Warren Johnson and Stephen O'Brien of the U.S. National Cancer Institute demonstrated that ancient cats evolved into eight main lineages that diverged in the course of at least 10 migrations (in both directions) from continent to continent via the Bering land bridge and Isthmus of Panama. The Panthera species are the oldest and the Felis species are the youngest. They estimated that 60 percent of the modern species of cats developed within the last million years.[2] Most felids have a haploid number of 18 or 19. New world cats (those in Central and South America) have a haploid number of 18, possibly due to the combination of two smaller chromosomes into one larger chromosome.[3]
Prior to this discovery, biologists had been largely unable to establish a family tree of cats from the fossil record because the fossils of different cat species all look very much alike, differing primarily in size.
The felids' closest relatives are thought to be the civets, hyenas, and mongooses. All felid species share a genetic anomaly that prevents them from tasting sweetness.[4]
Felids are purely carnivorous animals, subsisting almost entirely on other vertebrates. Aside from the lion, they are solitary, and most are secretive animals, often nocturnal, and living in relatively inaccessible habitats. Around three-quarters of cat species live in forested terrain, and they are generally agile climbers. However, felids may be found in almost any environment, with some species being native to mountainous terrain, or deserts.
Wild felids are native to every continent, except Australia and Antarctica.
Physical appearance
The various species of felid vary greatly in size. One of the smallest is the Black-footed Cat at around 35-40 cm in length, while the largest is the Tiger. Compared with many other mammals, they have relatively short faces, and good binocular vision.
The fur of felids takes many different forms, being much thicker in those species that live in cold environments, such as the Snow Leopard. The colour of felids is also highly variable, although brown to golden fur is common in most species, often marked with distinctive spots, stripes, or rosettes. Many species also have a 'tear stripe', a black stripe running from the corner of each eye down the side of the nose.
The tongue of felids is covered with horny papillae, which help to rasp meat from their prey. With the exception of the Cheetah, almost all felids have fully retractable claws.
Senses
Felids have relatively large eyes, situated to provide binocular vision. Their night vision is especially good, due to the presence of a tapetum lucidum, which reflects light back inside the eyeball, and gives cat's eyes their distinctive shine.
The ears of felids are also large, and, in the smaller cats, especially sensitive to high-frequency sounds. Felids have a highly developed sense of smell, although not as much so as in canids. This is further supplemented by the presence of a vomeronasal organ in the roof of the mouth, allowing the animal to 'taste' the air. The use of this organ is associated with the Flehmen response, in which the upper lip is curled upwards.
Felids possess highly sensitive whiskers, that may help in hunting at night. Felid whiskers are mainly used to keep balance, along with the help of their tails. Their whiskers also can be used as a "weapon"[citation needed] in extreme darkness. Most felids are able to land on their feet after a fall, an ability which relies on vision and the sense of balance acting together.
Felidae is the biological family of the cats; a member of this family is called a felid. They are the most strictly carnivorous mammals of the nine families in the order Carnivora. The first felids emerged during the Oligocene, about 30 million years ago. The most familiar felid is the Domestic Cat or House Cat, which first became associated with humans about 10,000 years ago. Its wild relative, the Desert Wildcat, still lives in the Near East and Africa, although habitat destruction has restricted its range.
Other well-known members of the felid family include big cats such as the Lion, the Tiger, the Leopard, the Jaguar, the Cougar, and the Cheetah, and other wild cats such as the lynxes and the Caracal. The extinct subfamily Machairodontinae, including the "saber-toothed cats" such as the well known Smilodon, were also true felids, in contrast to similar animals such as Thylacosmilus or Nimravidae.
There are 41 known species of felids in the world today which have all descended from a common ancestor about 10.8 million years ago. This taxon originated in Asia and spread across continents by crossing land bridges. As reported in the journal Science, testing of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA by Warren Johnson and Stephen O'Brien of the U.S. National Cancer Institute demonstrated that ancient cats evolved into eight main lineages that diverged in the course of at least 10 migrations (in both directions) from continent to continent via the Bering land bridge and Isthmus of Panama. The Panthera species are the oldest and the Felis species are the youngest. They estimated that 60 percent of the modern species of cats developed within the last million years.[2] Most felids have a haploid number of 18 or 19. New world cats (those in Central and South America) have a haploid number of 18, possibly due to the combination of two smaller chromosomes into one larger chromosome.[3]
Prior to this discovery, biologists had been largely unable to establish a family tree of cats from the fossil record because the fossils of different cat species all look very much alike, differing primarily in size.
The felids' closest relatives are thought to be the civets, hyenas, and mongooses. All felid species share a genetic anomaly that prevents them from tasting sweetness.[4]
Felids are purely carnivorous animals, subsisting almost entirely on other vertebrates. Aside from the lion, they are solitary, and most are secretive animals, often nocturnal, and living in relatively inaccessible habitats. Around three-quarters of cat species live in forested terrain, and they are generally agile climbers. However, felids may be found in almost any environment, with some species being native to mountainous terrain, or deserts.
Wild felids are native to every continent, except Australia and Antarctica.
Physical appearance
The various species of felid vary greatly in size. One of the smallest is the Black-footed Cat at around 35-40 cm in length, while the largest is the Tiger. Compared with many other mammals, they have relatively short faces, and good binocular vision.
The fur of felids takes many different forms, being much thicker in those species that live in cold environments, such as the Snow Leopard. The colour of felids is also highly variable, although brown to golden fur is common in most species, often marked with distinctive spots, stripes, or rosettes. Many species also have a 'tear stripe', a black stripe running from the corner of each eye down the side of the nose.
The tongue of felids is covered with horny papillae, which help to rasp meat from their prey. With the exception of the Cheetah, almost all felids have fully retractable claws.
Senses
Felids have relatively large eyes, situated to provide binocular vision. Their night vision is especially good, due to the presence of a tapetum lucidum, which reflects light back inside the eyeball, and gives cat's eyes their distinctive shine.
The ears of felids are also large, and, in the smaller cats, especially sensitive to high-frequency sounds. Felids have a highly developed sense of smell, although not as much so as in canids. This is further supplemented by the presence of a vomeronasal organ in the roof of the mouth, allowing the animal to 'taste' the air. The use of this organ is associated with the Flehmen response, in which the upper lip is curled upwards.
Felids possess highly sensitive whiskers, that may help in hunting at night. Felid whiskers are mainly used to keep balance, along with the help of their tails. Their whiskers also can be used as a "weapon"[citation needed] in extreme darkness. Most felids are able to land on their feet after a fall, an ability which relies on vision and the sense of balance acting together.
Last edited by RussB; 12-19-2007 at 04:47 PM.
12-19-2007, 04:47 PM
#70
Another benefit of CIDR is the possibility of routing prefix aggregation (also known as "supernetting" or "route summarization"). For example, sixteen contiguous /24 networks could now be aggregated together, and advertised to the outside world as a single /20 route (if the first 20 bits of their network addresses match). Two aligned contiguous /20s could then be aggregated to a /19, and so forth. This allows a significant reduction in the number of routes that have to be advertised over the Internet, preventing 'routing table explosions' from overwhelming routers, and stopping the Internet from expanding further.
See IPv4 subnetting reference.
See IPv4 subnetting reference.
12-19-2007, 04:47 PM
#71
Certain chunks of IPv4 address space are specially allocated by RFCs for special uses such as loopback (RFC 1643), Private networks (RFC 1918), and Zeroconf (RFC 3927) usage, and are not available for allocation by Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).
The netmask is a bitmask that can be used to separate the bits of the network identifier from the bits of the host identifier. It is often written in the same notation used to denote IP addresses.
The netmask is a bitmask that can be used to separate the bits of the network identifier from the bits of the host identifier. It is often written in the same notation used to denote IP addresses.
12-19-2007, 04:47 PM
#72
Class Leading bits Start End Default Subnet Mask in dotted decimal CIDR notation
A 0 0.0.0.0 126.255.255.255 255.0.0.0 /8
B 10 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 255.255.0.0 /16
C 110 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 255.255.255.0 /24
D 1110 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
E 1111 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.0
A 0 0.0.0.0 126.255.255.255 255.0.0.0 /8
B 10 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 255.255.0.0 /16
C 110 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 255.255.255.0 /24
D 1110 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
E 1111 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.0
12-19-2007, 04:48 PM
#74
Note that in common usage, the "host all zeros" address is reserved for referring to the whole network, while the "host all ones" address is reserved as a broadcast address; this reduces the number of hosts available by 2, explaining the reference to /31 as "Useless Network".
12-19-2007, 04:51 PM
#75
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Join Date: Apr 2003
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and now for some dog chat...
The Canidae (′kanə′dē, IPA: /ˈkĉnədi/) family is a part of the order Carnivora within the mammals (Class Mammalia). Members of the family are called canids and include dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, dingoes, jackals, and lycaons. The Canidae family is divided into the "true dogs" (or canines) of the tribe Canini and the "foxes" of the tribe Vulpini. The two species of the basal Caninae are more primitive and don't fit into either tribe. Any member of this family can be referred to generally as a canid.
Note that the subdivision of Canidae into "foxes" and "true dogs" may not be in accordance with the actual relations, and that the taxonomic classification of several canines is disputed. Recent DNA analysis has shown, however, that Canini (dogs) and Vulpini (foxes) are valid clades, which exclude two genera: Nyctereutes and Otocyon. These are basal canids and are not closely related to either vulpines or canines. (Some evidence also suggests the same for Urocyon.)
Speothos and Chrysocyon are primitive members of Canini, but might be placed in their own clade. Cuon and Lycaon may in fact belong in Canis, and there is evidence that Alopex and Fennecus are not valid clades, but are both part of Vulpes.
The Domestic Dog is listed by some authorities as Canis familiaris and others (including the Smithsonian Institution and the American Society of Mammalogists) as a subspecies of the Gray Wolf (i.e., Canis lupus familiaris); the Red Wolf, Eastern Canadian Wolf, and Indian Wolf may or may not be full species; and the Dingo is variously classified as Canis dingo, Canis lupus dingo, Canis familiaris dingo and Canis lupus familiaris dingo.
Miacids evolved into the Canidae family about 40 million years ago in the late Eocene to early Oligocene. Wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals and eventually dogs all evolved from the Canidae family. The Canidae family evolved into three subfamilies: Hesperocyoninae (~39.74-15 Ma), Borophaginae (~36-2 Ma), and the Caninae lineage that led to present-day canids, including wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals, and domestic dogs.
The earliest branch of the Canidae was the Hesperocyoninae lineage, which led to the coyote-sized Mesocyon of the Oligocene (38-24 Ma). These early canids probably evolved for fast pursuit of prey in a grassland habitat, and resembled modern civets in appearance.
Tomarctus, a wolf/dog-like carnivore, was a borophagine that roamed North America some 10 million years ago. From the time of Tomarctus, dog-like carnivores have expanded throughout the world. Cynodictis, also a borophagine, emerged about 20 million year ago in the Oligocene and also resembled the modern dog. Its fifth toe was reduced in size, an intimation of the latter development of the dewclaw. The fox-like Leptocyon was a descendant that branched off from the Caninae lineage.
Wild canids are found on every continent, except Antarctica, and inhabit a wide range of different habitats, including deserts, mountains, forests, and grassland. They vary in size from the fennec fox at 24 cm in length, to the gray wolf, which may be up to 200 cm long, and can weigh up to 80 kg.
With the sole living exception of the bush dog, canids have relatively long legs and lithe bodies, adapted for chasing prey. All canids are digitigrade, meaning that they walk on their toes. They possess bushy tails, non-retractile claws, and a dewclaw on the front feet. They possess a baculum, which helps to create a copulatory tie during mating, locking the animals together for up to an hour. Young canids are born blind, with their eyes opening a few weeks after birth. [3]
Many species live and hunt in packs, and have complex social lives. They are generally highly adaptable, and there may be considerable variation in habits even within a single species.
FAMILY CANIDAE
Subfamily: Caninae
True dogs - Tribe Canini
Genus Canis
Side-striped Jackal, Canis adustus
Golden Jackal, Canis aureus
Himalayan Wolf, Canis himalayaensis
Indian Wolf, Canis pallipes or Canis indica
Coyote, Canis latrans (also called Prairie Wolf)
Eastern Canadian Wolf, Canis lycaon
Gray Wolf, Canis lupus (2.723 Ma to present)
Domestic Dog, Canis lupus familiaris
Dingo, most often classified as Canis lupus dingo.
many other proposed subspecies
Red Wolf, Canis rufus, Canis lycaon, or Canis niger (hybrid?) (3 Ma to present)
Black-backed Jackal, Canis mesomelas
Ethiopian Wolf, Canis simensis (also called Abyssinian Wolf, Simien Fox and Simien Jackal)
Genus Cynotherium †
Sardinian Dhole, Cynotherium sardous †
Genus Cuon
Dhole, Cuon alpinus or Canis alpinus (also called Asian Wild Dog)
Genus Lycaon
African Wild Dog, Lycaon pictus (also called African Hunting Dog)
Genus Atelocynus
Short-eared Dog, Atelocynus microtis
Genus Cerdocyon
Crab-eating Fox, Cerdocyon thous
Genus Dasycyon † ?
Hagenbeck Wolf, Dasycyon hagenbecki † ?
Genus Dusicyon †
Falkland Island Fox, Dusicyon australis †
Genus Pseudalopex
Culpeo, Pseudalopex culpaeus
Darwin's Fox, Pseudalopex fulvipes
Argentine Grey Fox, Pseudalopex griseus
Pampas Fox, Pseudalopex gymnocercus
Sechura Fox, Pseudalopex sechurae
Hoary Fox, Pseudalopex vetulus
Genus Chrysocyon
Maned Wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus
Genus Speothos
Bush Dog, Speothos venaticus
True foxes - Tribe Vulpini
Genus Alopex
Arctic Fox, Alopex lagopus
Genus Vulpes
Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes (1 Ma to present)
Swift Fox, Vulpes velox
Kit Fox, Vulpes macrotis
Corsac Fox (or Steppe Fox), Vulpes corsac
Cape Fox, Vulpes chama
Pale Fox, Vulpes pallida
Bengal Fox, Vulpes bengalensis
Tibetan Fox, Vulpes ferrilata
Blanford's Fox, Vulpes cana
Rüppell's Fox, Vulpes rueppelli
Fennec, Vulpes zerda
Genus Urocyon (2 Ma to present)
Gray Fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Island Fox, Urocyon littoralis
Cozumel Fox, Urocyon sp.
Basal Caninae
Genus Otocyon (present)
Bat-eared Fox, Otocyon megalotis (propably a vulpine close to Urocyon)
Genus Nyctereutes
Raccoon Dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides (propably a canine related to Speothos and perhaps Chrysocyon)
The Canidae (′kanə′dē, IPA: /ˈkĉnədi/) family is a part of the order Carnivora within the mammals (Class Mammalia). Members of the family are called canids and include dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, dingoes, jackals, and lycaons. The Canidae family is divided into the "true dogs" (or canines) of the tribe Canini and the "foxes" of the tribe Vulpini. The two species of the basal Caninae are more primitive and don't fit into either tribe. Any member of this family can be referred to generally as a canid.
Note that the subdivision of Canidae into "foxes" and "true dogs" may not be in accordance with the actual relations, and that the taxonomic classification of several canines is disputed. Recent DNA analysis has shown, however, that Canini (dogs) and Vulpini (foxes) are valid clades, which exclude two genera: Nyctereutes and Otocyon. These are basal canids and are not closely related to either vulpines or canines. (Some evidence also suggests the same for Urocyon.)
Speothos and Chrysocyon are primitive members of Canini, but might be placed in their own clade. Cuon and Lycaon may in fact belong in Canis, and there is evidence that Alopex and Fennecus are not valid clades, but are both part of Vulpes.
The Domestic Dog is listed by some authorities as Canis familiaris and others (including the Smithsonian Institution and the American Society of Mammalogists) as a subspecies of the Gray Wolf (i.e., Canis lupus familiaris); the Red Wolf, Eastern Canadian Wolf, and Indian Wolf may or may not be full species; and the Dingo is variously classified as Canis dingo, Canis lupus dingo, Canis familiaris dingo and Canis lupus familiaris dingo.
Miacids evolved into the Canidae family about 40 million years ago in the late Eocene to early Oligocene. Wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals and eventually dogs all evolved from the Canidae family. The Canidae family evolved into three subfamilies: Hesperocyoninae (~39.74-15 Ma), Borophaginae (~36-2 Ma), and the Caninae lineage that led to present-day canids, including wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals, and domestic dogs.
The earliest branch of the Canidae was the Hesperocyoninae lineage, which led to the coyote-sized Mesocyon of the Oligocene (38-24 Ma). These early canids probably evolved for fast pursuit of prey in a grassland habitat, and resembled modern civets in appearance.
Tomarctus, a wolf/dog-like carnivore, was a borophagine that roamed North America some 10 million years ago. From the time of Tomarctus, dog-like carnivores have expanded throughout the world. Cynodictis, also a borophagine, emerged about 20 million year ago in the Oligocene and also resembled the modern dog. Its fifth toe was reduced in size, an intimation of the latter development of the dewclaw. The fox-like Leptocyon was a descendant that branched off from the Caninae lineage.
Wild canids are found on every continent, except Antarctica, and inhabit a wide range of different habitats, including deserts, mountains, forests, and grassland. They vary in size from the fennec fox at 24 cm in length, to the gray wolf, which may be up to 200 cm long, and can weigh up to 80 kg.
With the sole living exception of the bush dog, canids have relatively long legs and lithe bodies, adapted for chasing prey. All canids are digitigrade, meaning that they walk on their toes. They possess bushy tails, non-retractile claws, and a dewclaw on the front feet. They possess a baculum, which helps to create a copulatory tie during mating, locking the animals together for up to an hour. Young canids are born blind, with their eyes opening a few weeks after birth. [3]
Many species live and hunt in packs, and have complex social lives. They are generally highly adaptable, and there may be considerable variation in habits even within a single species.
FAMILY CANIDAE
Subfamily: Caninae
True dogs - Tribe Canini
Genus Canis
Side-striped Jackal, Canis adustus
Golden Jackal, Canis aureus
Himalayan Wolf, Canis himalayaensis
Indian Wolf, Canis pallipes or Canis indica
Coyote, Canis latrans (also called Prairie Wolf)
Eastern Canadian Wolf, Canis lycaon
Gray Wolf, Canis lupus (2.723 Ma to present)
Domestic Dog, Canis lupus familiaris
Dingo, most often classified as Canis lupus dingo.
many other proposed subspecies
Red Wolf, Canis rufus, Canis lycaon, or Canis niger (hybrid?) (3 Ma to present)
Black-backed Jackal, Canis mesomelas
Ethiopian Wolf, Canis simensis (also called Abyssinian Wolf, Simien Fox and Simien Jackal)
Genus Cynotherium †
Sardinian Dhole, Cynotherium sardous †
Genus Cuon
Dhole, Cuon alpinus or Canis alpinus (also called Asian Wild Dog)
Genus Lycaon
African Wild Dog, Lycaon pictus (also called African Hunting Dog)
Genus Atelocynus
Short-eared Dog, Atelocynus microtis
Genus Cerdocyon
Crab-eating Fox, Cerdocyon thous
Genus Dasycyon † ?
Hagenbeck Wolf, Dasycyon hagenbecki † ?
Genus Dusicyon †
Falkland Island Fox, Dusicyon australis †
Genus Pseudalopex
Culpeo, Pseudalopex culpaeus
Darwin's Fox, Pseudalopex fulvipes
Argentine Grey Fox, Pseudalopex griseus
Pampas Fox, Pseudalopex gymnocercus
Sechura Fox, Pseudalopex sechurae
Hoary Fox, Pseudalopex vetulus
Genus Chrysocyon
Maned Wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus
Genus Speothos
Bush Dog, Speothos venaticus
True foxes - Tribe Vulpini
Genus Alopex
Arctic Fox, Alopex lagopus
Genus Vulpes
Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes (1 Ma to present)
Swift Fox, Vulpes velox
Kit Fox, Vulpes macrotis
Corsac Fox (or Steppe Fox), Vulpes corsac
Cape Fox, Vulpes chama
Pale Fox, Vulpes pallida
Bengal Fox, Vulpes bengalensis
Tibetan Fox, Vulpes ferrilata
Blanford's Fox, Vulpes cana
Rüppell's Fox, Vulpes rueppelli
Fennec, Vulpes zerda
Genus Urocyon (2 Ma to present)
Gray Fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Island Fox, Urocyon littoralis
Cozumel Fox, Urocyon sp.
Basal Caninae
Genus Otocyon (present)
Bat-eared Fox, Otocyon megalotis (propably a vulpine close to Urocyon)
Genus Nyctereutes
Raccoon Dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides (propably a canine related to Speothos and perhaps Chrysocyon)